Ginkgo Biloba
The world's oldest living tree species — used for memory and circulation for millennia
Also known as: Maidenhair Tree • EGb 761 • Ginkgo
Overview
Ginkgo biloba is an extract from the leaves of the ginkgo tree, one of the oldest living tree species on Earth, dating back over 270 million years. In traditional Chinese medicine, ginkgo has been used for thousands of years to support cognitive function and circulation. The standardized extract (EGb 761, containing 24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpene lactones) is one of the most widely prescribed herbal medicines in Europe, particularly in Germany and France. Ginkgo's primary mechanisms include improving cerebral blood flow, acting as a potent antioxidant (particularly against lipid peroxidation in neural tissue), inhibiting platelet-activating factor (PAF), and modulating neurotransmitter systems. It has been extensively studied for cognitive decline, dementia, tinnitus, peripheral vascular disease, and macular degeneration.
Key Benefits
Cognitive Function
Ginkgo improves cerebral blood flow and has neuroprotective antioxidant effects. The GuidAge trial and other large studies show modest benefits for cognitive function in older adults, particularly in attention, memory, and processing speed.
Cerebral Circulation
Ginkgo increases blood flow to the brain by dilating blood vessels, reducing blood viscosity, and inhibiting platelet aggregation. This improved circulation delivers more oxygen and nutrients to neural tissue.
Peripheral Circulation
For peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, ginkgo has been shown to increase pain-free walking distance by improving blood flow to the extremities.
Tinnitus
Some clinical trials show ginkgo reduces tinnitus severity, particularly in cases related to cerebrovascular insufficiency. Results are mixed, but EGb 761 at 240mg/day shows the most promise.
Dosage & How to Take
120-240mg of standardized extract (EGb 761) daily, divided into 2-3 doses
| Purpose | Dose | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive support | 120-240mg daily | Divided into 2-3 doses; allow 6-8 weeks |
| Peripheral circulation | 120-160mg daily | Divided doses with meals |
| Tinnitus | 240mg daily | Higher dose may be needed; 12-week trial |
| Macular degeneration | 120-240mg daily | As adjunct to standard treatment |
Best Time to Take
Morning and midday. Avoid evening doses as it may be mildly stimulating.
With or Without Food
Take with meals to reduce GI side effects
Forms & Bioavailability
| Form | Absorption | Best For | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| EGb 761 (Standardized Extract) | Good | All uses | 24% flavone glycosides, 6% terpene lactones — the gold standard |
| Generic Standardized Extract | Good | Budget option | Same standardization as EGb 761 but less clinical data |
| Dried Leaf | Low | Tea | Much lower concentration of active compounds |
| Tincture | Moderate | Convenience | Variable concentration |
Side Effects & Safety
Common
- Headache
- GI upset
- Dizziness
Rare
- Bleeding (due to PAF inhibition)
- Allergic skin reactions
- Seizures (with contaminated products containing ginkgotoxin)
Contraindications
- Anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy
- Scheduled surgery (stop 2 weeks before)
- Seizure disorders
- Pregnancy
Interactions
Increased bleeding risk due to PAF inhibition
Additive bleeding risk
May reduce seizure threshold
Rare reports of serotonin syndrome
Scientific Research
GuidAge Prevention Trial
240mg/day EGb 761 did not prevent dementia in 2,854 older adults over 5 years, but showed cognitive benefits in subgroups
Cognitive Function Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis of 21 trials found significant improvement in cognitive function and daily activities in dementia patients
Peripheral Circulation
Ginkgo increased pain-free walking distance by 34% in patients with peripheral arterial disease
Food Sources
Frequently Asked Questions
Medical Disclaimer
This content is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking medications. The statements on this page have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.